2 Operating expenses

For the period 01.01.2014 -31.12.2014For the period 01.01.2013 - 31.12.2013* restated
Depreciation and amortisation 520 175 548 123
Raw materials and energy used 6 259 092 6 627 542
External services 1 038 684 875 404
Taxes and charges 299 088 230 699
Wages and salaries 963 064 833 241
Social security and other employee benefits 251 424 222 567
Other expenses 126 332 98 378
Costs by kind 9 457 859 9 435 954
Changes in inventories of finished goods and work in progress (+/-) 19 821 87 242
Work performed by the entity and capitalised (-) (159 075) (110 746)
Selling and distribution expenses (-) (581 145) (447 750)
Administrative expenses (-) (739 977) (707 766)
Cost of merchandises and raw materials sold 234 082 184 849
Cost of sales 8 231 565 8 441 783
Includes excise duty 33 105 33 108

*   Financial information restated due to completion of acquisition accounting of African Investment Group S.A., as presented in point 1.2.1 in the Notes.

2.1 Cost of sales

For the period 01.01.2014 - 31.12.2014For the period 01.01.2013 - 31.12.2013* restated
Cost of goods and services sold 7 973 582 8 220 690
Cost of construction contracts sold 23 901 10 017
Cost of merchandises and raw materials sold 234 082 184 849
Cost of emission rights - 26 177
Cost of licences sold - 59
Cost of other sales - -9
Total cost of sales 8 231 565 8 441 783

* Financial information restated due to completion of acquisition accounting of African Investment Group S.A., as presented in point 1.2.1 in the Notes.

2.2 Employee benefit expenses

For the period 01.01.2014 - 31.12.2014For the period 01.01.2013 - 31.12.2013
Wages and salaries paid and due 908 274 844 701
Social security contributions 163 182 157 083
Employee benefit fund 41 678 23 955
Trainings 5 728 6 016
Change in defined benefit liabilities 3 539  (1 130)
Change in other long-term employee benefit liabilities 23 901 (3 971)
Change in unused holiday accrual 1 820 1 849
Change in voluntary redundancy provision 329 18
Change in annual and motivation bonus accruals 23 263 (8 221)
Other 42 774 35 508
1 214 488 1 055 808
Average employment 13 807 13 852